The problem of personal IDENTITY among others may stem from the following question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic problem of personal IDENTITY raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the IDENTITY of the person over time. The synchronic problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for personal IDENTITY over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for personal IDENTITY; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving personal IDENTITY through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of personal IDENTITY? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of personal IDENTITY, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the problem of personal IDENTITY. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the problem of personal IDENTITY.

The current research was undertaken with the objective of comparing and analyzing "the career IDENTITY STATUS of Iranian women" (achievement IDENTITY, diffusion IDENTITY, moratorium IDENTITY and foreclosure IDENTITY).The way of study is descriptive and the study group consists of the female students in the Alameh Tabatabaee University and their mothers. Sample selection was conducted on the basis of cluster sampling. For this purpose, among all the faculties in the Alameh Tabatabaee University, the faculties of psychology and educational sciences were randomly selected and from these, the field of educational technology and then three classes were chosen. The tools used in this research consist of open questionnaire designed by the researcher. The analysis of the data was done by the content analysis, through the Exact Fisher Method and the spss software. Results show significant differences with regard to career IDENTITY STATUS, between the two study groups. French: Statut d'identite de carriere des femmes iraniennes La presente recherche a ete entreprise en vue de comparer et d'analyser "le statut d'identite de carriere des femmes iraniennes" (identite d'accomplissement, identite de diffusion, identite de moratoire et identite de forclusion). Note methodologie est descriptive et le groupe de travail comprend les etudiants feminins a l'universite Alameh Tabatabaee et de leurs meres. Le choix d'echantillon a ete conduit sur la base du prelevement de faisceau. A cette fin, parmi tous les corps d’enseignement a l'universite Alameh Tabatabaee, les facultes de la psychologie et les sciences educatives ont ete aleatoirement choisies et de ces derniers, le champ de la technologie educative et enfin, trois classes ont ete choisis. Les outils employes dans cette recherche se composent du questionnaire ouvert concu par le chercheur. L'analyse des donnees a ete faite par l'analyse du contenu, par la methode exacte de Fisher et le logiciel de spss. Les resultats montrent des differences significatives en ce qui concerne le statut d'identite de carriere, entre les deux groupes de travail.Keywords: Accomplissement de statut d'identite de carriere, moratoire, forclusion, Diffusion, femmes Iraniennes Spanish: Comparacion de la condicion de la identidad ocupacional de las mujeres iranies La presente investigacion se llevo a cabo con el objetivo de comparar y analizar "el estado de la identidad profesional de las mujeres en Iran" (logro de identidad, difusion de la identidad, moratoria de la identidad y identidad forzada). La forma de estudio es descriptiva y el grupo de estudio esta constituido por todas las estudiantes en la Universidad Alameh Tabatabaee y sus madres. La seleccion de la muestra se realizo sobre la base de muestreo por conglomerados con el fin, de que todas las facultades de la Universidad Alameh Tabatabaee, las Facultades de psicologia y Ciencias de la Educacion fueron seleccionadas al azar y de estos, el campo de la tecnologia educativa y, a continuacion las tres categorias fueron elegidas. Las herramientas utilizadas en esta investigacion consistio en cuestionario abierto disenado por el investigador. El analisis de los datos se realizo mediante el analisis de contenidos, el metodo exacto de Fisher y el software SPSS.Keywords: The conclusions show that, from being career identify STATUS, a meaningful variety has been observed between the two study groups

Introduction: The aim of this study was to explore the ideological and interpersonal IDENTITY STATUSes among adolescents in Tehran and to compare their IDENTITY styles and STATUSes. Method: The study was a post-hoc descriptive cross-sectional. Four hundred sixty-seven adolescents (235 girls and 232 boys) were selected from four schooling regions in Tehran by cluster sampling. The subjects were doing third grade high school or pre-university courses. They were assessed using the questionnaires 'Ego IDENTITY Process' and 'IDENTITY Style'. Data were processed by the chi-square test and ANOVA. Results: The findings of this study revealed that, regarding ideological and interpersonal IDENTITY STATUS, Tehrani adolescents were mainly in the moratorium phase with smaller part of them being in the IDENTITY achievement phase. There was a significant difference in the IDENTITY STATUSes of boys and girls. There was also a significant relationship between the IDENTITY styles and IDENTITY STATUSes. The diffuse-avoidant style was highly associated to the undifferentiated STATUS; the normative style was related to foreclosure; and the informational style was closely related to the IDENTITY achievement STATUS. Conclusion: Tehrani adolescents were less at the IDENTITY achievement STATUS or informational style.

The present study aimed to predict drug abuse on the basis of IDENTITY STATUS. 160 male students of Iran Islamic Azad University, branch of Bandar Abbas completed the Persian version of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Survey Questionnaire (Oetting & Beauvaise, 1987) and the Revised Extended Objective Measure of Ego IDENTITY STATUS (Bennion & Adams, 1986) included foreclosed, diffused, achieved and moratorium identities. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the foreclosed and diffused identities were positive predictors of drug abuse. However, the achieved and moratorium identities did not predict drug abuse.

This research was designed to investigate the relationship between IDENTITY STATUS and anxiety. For this purpose, state and trait anxiety mean scores of four different IDENTITY STATUS (achievement, moratorium, foreclosure and diffusion) were compared. In a further analysis, a part of sample consisting of individuals who had pathological anxiety were selected; Moreover, the frequency of the four IDENTITY STATUS in this sub-sample were calculated. The sample consisted of 78 female and 60 male undergraduate students who completed two tests: Extended Objective Measure of Ego IDENTITY STATUS [2nd version of (EOM-EIS 2)]; and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory- Form Y (STAI-Y). The anxiety scores were compared using ANOVA, and the frequencies were compared through chisquare.The results indicated that individuals with no commitment (i.e. moratorium and diffusion) in both ideological and interpersonal dimensions had significantly higher levels of state and trait anxiety.Moreover, in the individuals with pathological anxiety, the frequencies of non-commitments were significantly more than the commitments.Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that a predeveloped IDENTITY in the process of IDENTITY formation (i.e. IDENTITY crisis) results in anxiety and insecurity. Thus, commitment to the IDENTITY, whether a mature commitment such as achievement, or an immature commitment such as foreclosure, develops a sense of security in these individuals and suppresses their anxieties.